By Al Rodas
history of wars and warriors
And sirens come to rest on the beaches of Bocagrande. Photo
Hill Ale. 
The city honors the Cartagena de Murcia in Spain, another center with an ancient history dating back to the year 227 BC, when General Hasdrubal the Handsome, a native of the Phoenician city of Carthage (North Africa) , founded what he called Qart Hadasht (new town) and which became the main Carthaginian base. Hadasht Qart was Hannibal who left to start the Second Punic War in 218. Under the Roman Empire, the city was renamed as Carthago Nova and currently is Cartagena. Thus the name has always carried a sense of war and has made the establishment which has a main point in the three continents: Africa Carthage, Cartagena de Murcia, Cartagena de Indias Europe and South America. Also the famous name of Carthage is honored in the hemisphere with the city of Cartago in the department of Valle del Cauca and Cartago, Costa Rica
. In Colombia there is another Cartagena del Chaira the in the department of Caquetá and Cartagena is a in Chile. La India Catalina, Colombia's cazica and guardian of Cartagena de Indias. They say it came as an interpreter of Pedro de Heredia and then Alonso Montañez married and went to live in Seville, Spain. Oral tradition was in the myth of its unquestionable beauty and great intelligence that became the symbol of the city. Photo kosumel
.
Pedro de Heredia founded Cartagena de Indias on June 1, 1533 and its strategic position in the southern Caribbean Sea and the northern South American coast, soon would the first major port on the continent. In Cartagena de Indias came during the colonial cargoes of gold and spices that came from Lima, Quito and Bogota for shipment to Spain. Likewise, at Cartagena de Indias came the slave ships from Africa to the city soon became a main square of the slave market. Cartagena would also be the only venue in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama), the Palace of the Inquisition. Cartagena's commercial fame not only attract adventurers and English migrants, many other characters from different European nations, but among the most warlike would English pirates. 
Photo Leo Villamizar. In 1586 the town received its first "Punic War": the English pirate Francis Drake sacked the city. If not for Francis Drake, King Philip II had not ordered the construction of the most fabulous military walls in the New World and today Cartagena de Indias
not be a Heritage of Humanity . The walls are the subject of study and admiration and were constructed so that hackers could not access the Bay of Cartagena. The walls are not only those who are outside and around the historic center but also include a specialized submarine walls system of tunnels and castles, all intended to counter any attack by sea. For example, between the Castle of San Felipe and the sea there is an underground tunnel through which the army could move.
A bastion. Photo
Leo Villamizar.
The construction of the walls was done in several stages. The first would be involved Bautista Antonelli Italian engineer from 1586. From 1608 Cristóbal de Roda directed the fortification of the party is between the city and the open sea. Between 1631 and 1633 Murga Francisco Barrio advanced fortification Gethsemane. In 1669 Juan Betín he works repair parts of the walls that were shot down by both the wave as Baron Pointis attacks. The Viceroy of Villalonga orders the governor Juan de Herrera to build submarines drawers make the jetty in front of the walls that were destroyed in 1721. It was not yet completed the Pharaonic work, when Cartagena de Indias received the siege of his "Second Punic War" was attacked by a great English army led by Edward Vernon coming prepared to take possession of the city with 186 ships and 23,600 Men who would face only 6 vessels and 3 000 men in a historical chapter which recalls the siege of Malta. The city was defended successfully Blas de Lezo and Carlos Suillars of Desnaux and became one of the largest South American military battles. Thanks also to Vernon, the Hispanic Americas up an intense project to defend fortificaziones especially British ambitions. Hispanic cities like all the time, would have its Cartagena Intramuros, ie, the area is inside the walls, which was divided into five districts, perfectly distinguishable today: Santa Catalina which was the upper class with the cathedral and palaces, Santo Toribio was the mall, La Merced was a military area, San Sebastian and Gethsemane, artisans and workers sectors port. Extramural
was destined for the indigenous, ie those who did not share the same status then what is currently be called the "
English citizenship." The scheme would follow the medieval city of civility (
Roman civitas) in which the citizen of rights was the one who lived inside the walls and who was born on Iberian soil. Extramuros
Cathedral,
Kik8 picture. During the conquests and the establishment of the Colony, the indigenous
Zenú almost entirely disappeared from the area, a decimated by epidemics imported by the Europeans, others dead in unequal struggle against the powerful royal army, others could not stand the condition of exclusion and servitude and many migrated inward. His space was soon occupied by another people with a historical tragedy akin to that of Zenú Africans. Cartagena then became a kind of stock the slave market
the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries in which they were involved in almost all European powers at the time as Portugal, Spain, France, England, Holland and multitude of mercenaries. It is very likely that many indigenous Zenú not only join the for those who buy wives conquerors or cuncubinas of American Indian women became common practice, but also submit crosses between African and American Indian peoples.
Plaza de San Pedro. Photo
Hill Ale.
Cartagena and its surroundings, has become must for the study of slavery in America and the role of Africans in the continent's liberal cause. Not all Africans who were brought as slaves to Cartagena were resigned to their fate, although written in stone English names that contained the British advanced as Blas de Lezo and Creoles seminar the cries of freedom from Iberian Corona, the city and the region remains in the memory of the people the most legendary names of black heroes and indigenous human rebellion against the chains. The Maroons in particular have a unique chapter in national history. If the walls symbolize resistance to the threats from the sea, the Palenque de San Basilio symbolizes the power of freedom cries shouted by the men and women who were uprooted from their native Africa and brought as merchandise to foreign lands. Hand in hand with the stories of Africans in Cartagena can not ignore one of the men who would as a saint by the Catholic Church and as a model unquestionable in defense of human rights: San Pedro Claver, a defender of the blacks. Claver was a English Jesuit church who came from a silent to the plight of African families who arrived in Cartagena de Indias. From her convent, now one of the most visited museums in the city as Cloisters museum and church of San Pedro Claver , watching the ocean horizon waiting for the slave ship. When he arrived, the saint went to meet the newcomers with medicines and supplies. They were gathered in a square which today no longer exists in the city which is located in the prestigious Colegio San Pedro Claver of the Salesians. Ghostbusters the Inquisition
A street in Old Cartagena. Photo
LC
Virginia. LC
But the history of Cartagena de Indias does not end with stories of pirates, Punic wars, monumental works and Maroons. She was also the focus of a chapter that this time has to do with the Church: the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Today the Palace of the Inquisition can be visited as a tourist attraction, but at the time was a center of horror. The Inquisition in Cartagena pertains specifically to what is known as the English Inquisition, which was founded by the Catholic Monarchs in 1478 with the aim of promoting and protecting Catholic orthodoxy within English territory. Coincides with the expulsion of Jews and Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula and then with special attention devoted to test the veracity or sincerity of Jewish converts, known then as " pigs." This name is because the new converts were obstención of eating pork in abundance so that the Christians were convinced of their "sincerity
Catholic faith." Many Jewish converts were prosecuted by the Inquisition in both the Peninsula and the Americas to "debug ." Jews Persecuted and finishes this so devout , the inquisitors were devoted to the hunting of witches and sorcerers. Cartagena de Indias as a port and a center where people came from many peoples, was a point with a rich clientele to pass by the powerful machinery of the Inquisition. The inquisitors, ecclesiastic appointed by the English Crown to govern from Cartagena de Indias, had a great influence on the political and social life of the Viceroy. One of the Colombian works best illustrates what was the Inquisition in Cartagena is the television series The Devil's Hoof where the actor and director Kepa Amuchástegui colombo-English Inquisitor plays dark Mayorga. But the theme of the Inquisition cartegenera has been an inspiration as well as Colombian literature, such as Gabriel García Márquez that mentioned several times, for example in the work Of Love and Other Demons . Cartagena Heroic
A balcony of Cartagena as seen through the artistic lens
Leo Villamizar. 
The story takes as its lessons and often does not follow the political course. The city bravely defended the integrity of the colonial English Empire, would be the first to rebel against those they subjugated their gallantry. On November 11, 1811 was the day on which the city decided to break the bonds that unite overseas to the English crown. Built for war, Cartagena de Indias be key player in the independence struggle in South America and the Caribbean. His defeat would mean the defeat of the ideals of liberty and due to its resistance to pirate raids Colombia today is not a British remnant. The struggles of Cartagena de Indias was the struggles of the defense of Colombia and the city played the role of guardian of South America. This was the reason the Liberator Simón Bolívar was given the posthumous title of Hero City after enduring courageously attack reconqueror Pablo Morillo. The Cartagena de Indias Republican While Cartagena de Indias continued during the nineteenth century to be a major Colombian cities, by the early twentieth century hegemony would be to Barranquilla, a city that was born at the mouth Magdalena River in the Caribbean Sea and soon to be a necessary step to enter the country and trade. Cartagena de Indias had been built as a center of trade between the colonies and Spain and as a fortress against pirates and enemies of Madrid. With the end of the colonial era, the development of most powerful weapons for war and the disappearance of sea pirates, the city experienced a real decline until the first half of the twentieth century. In the decade of 30 and with the aim of opening the door to progress, the developers went so far as to propose the demolition of the walls of Cartagena to create opportunities to trade. Some sections of the walls came to be torn down and if not for the involvement of many personalities and the onset of World War II, the Walls of Cartagena would now only in books in the style of the Walls of Jericho in the Dead Sea. In 1959 the Congress of the Republic declared the historical center of Cartagena National Trust in 1984 Unesco declared it a World Heritage Site.
Today, Cartagena de Indias is one of the main centers of tourism in Colombia and is one of the first cities with a population that now exceeds 800 000 inhabitants. The population growth has undoubtedly been one of the keys to the city back to be first in the history of the country with great prospects for the new century. Mass transit reform, privatization of port and a stronger national and international levels, predict that Cartagena de Indias is one of the first Colombian cities in the XXI century. The Rafael Nuñez AIRPORT connects the city with the main National Airport. A flight from Cartagena to
Medellin or Bogota takes about an hour, while a bus trip to Medellin is 12 hours in the Core of the West in good condition and across the cities of Monteria, Sincelejo, Caucasia and Santa Rosa de Osos . Another road along the coast makes it possible to go from south to Cartagena Turbo (Antioquia) passing through the resorts of Tolu and Coveñas, or north to Riohacha through Barranquilla and Santa Marta
. The Bay is also closed by the Rosary
coral islands, a tour must for any visitor. The city has also a long list of attractions in the historic center and in other parts of the region. The grassroots are another world that can not be ignored, this time by the State. Just the historical value of Cartagena de Indias, its significance in the Colombian identity as a symbol of freedom, requires that all Cartagena have the same opportunities to make this city charming a power not only national but international study, tourism, investment and the economy in general. Cartagena is home to numerous international meetings like the International Film Festival Television , among many others. The Convention and Exhibition Centre City hosts meetings first order as the meeting of heads of state and the reign annual national beauty . Bibliography
* Cunin, Elizabeth and Christian Rinaudo.
The walls of Cartagena, including heritage, tourism and urban development (pdf). The role of society in public improvements. Journal Reports, Year II, No. 2, Uninorte, Barranquilla. ISSN 1794-8886 * BUSTILLOS PEREIRA, José Gabriel.
The walls of Cartagena, the historic route
India Catalina Monument . El Universal. Cartagena, Caribbean dream. Recommended Links
*
From Cartagena Colombia. Complete guide to tourism, business and investment. * Mayor of Cartagena de Indias .
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